THE PHENOMENON OF NATURAL DISASTERS AND MYTH OF NATURAL
Pararaton Caka 1296: Disaster "Pagunung Anyar" and Sandyakala ning Majapahit
The title above is meant to be translated according to the Book Pararaton Brandes (1896), that by the year 1296 or 1374 AD Caka there has been a disaster named "Pagunung Anyar" who backed the Majapahit empire's largest archipelago. Is disaster Pagunung Anyar? I interpret it, it is the style of eruption bursts gununglumpur LUSI (!)
Below is my catatan2 buku2 after studying the history, geology, and folklore are more than 100 years later publication. Starting from Daldjoeni (1984, 1992) "Geography of historicity", then continued forward and backward toward Purwadi (2001) "Babad Tanah Jawi: Tracing Traces of Conflict", Slamet Muljana (1968, 2005) "The collapse of the Hindu-Javanese kingdom and the emergence ofIslamic Countries in the archipelago ", Slamet Muljana (1965, 2005)" Glory to the Top (History of the Kingdom of Majapahit) ", Denys Lombard (1990)" Le Carrefour Javanais ", James Nash (1932)," Enige voorlopige opmerkingen omtrent de hydrogeologieder Brantas vlakte - Handelingen van 6de Ned. Indische Natuur Wetenschappelijke Congres ", HJ de Graaf (1949) "de Geschiedenis van Indonesie", J. Brandes (1896) "Pararaton (Ken Arok) of boek het van der Koningen Tumapel en van Majapahit", buku2 Duyfjes geological works (1936-1938) for the mapping of the eastern Kendeng ("Zur geologie stratigraphie und und des Kendenggebietes zwischen Trinil Soerabaja" and "bij Toelichting Blad 115.109, 110, 116), also a masterpiece van Bemmelen (1949, 1972)" The Geology of Indonesia ", and folklore books by James Danandjaja (1984)" folklore Indonesia: Science gossip, tales, and lain2 "
Mean heart want to trace the history of chronic tulisan2 events in southern Kuwu Bleduk * Purwodadi in order to find analogies to chronic LUSI bursts, apparently searching buku2 above even took me to the idea that: besides the political reasons, Majapahit MAY have been backed by the deformation due to a series of Brantas Delta eruption gununglumpur Jombang-Mojokerto-ward in the area along 25 km. Let's see-meliknya scales.
We start from the panorama of a sacred mountain by the people and the kingdom since the MPU Sindok tokoh2, grants, and his followers: Mount STEPS. STEPS mountain, a mountain as high as 1659 meters north-Welirang Arjuno, is the mountain closest to the blast site LUSI. The mountain is located to the south of the River Porong and still to the south of Watukosek Escarpment, a fault escarpment Fault Watukosek deformation results are also deflect Porong River, through the mud volcano titik2 including LUSI, also through the mud gunung2 around Surabaya and Madura Bangkalan.
In the history of Hindu kerajaan2 in East Java, Mount STEPS is an important mountain (Daldjoeni, 1984; Lombard, 1990). Kerajaan2 ever in East Java, in addition to deep veins of the Brantas River, kerajaan2 that surrounds Mount STEPS, for example Kahuripan, Jenggala, Daha, Majapahit, and Tumapel (Singhasari). LUSI pool area was once the territory now Medang or Kahuripan of age Sindok and grants, are also included in the Majapahit. Every time there is chaos in the region kerajaan2, then Mount STEPS made the event a war strategy. Grants were at the time of evacuation from the year 1016 attack that killed Worawari Dharmawangsa in-law (Maha Pralaya), hiding in STEPS, looking north towards the valley of the Brantas Porong and figure out how to build a new empire.STEPS also be tempat2 to glorify royal figures. On the eastern slopes of this mountain there is the tomb grants Hemisphere, in Betra Sindok tomb and the tomb of the father in Jalatunda grants. In STEPS also there are hundreds of temples, which are currently not maintained. Makam2 sacred STEPS population is found at the beginning of the 20th century after beratus2 years buried, when they burn the reeds that covered it for the purposes of making fertilizer.
From Mountain to the valley and delta Penanggungan Brantas picturesque scenery and fertile land, so many kingdoms established on the plains Brantas. According to Nash (1932) - "hydrogeologie der Brantas vlakte", Brantas Delta formed many centuries, and an important role in the political arena empires that ever existed in East Java. Progress and setbacks kerajaan2 seems heavily influenced by everything that happens in the Brantas Delta.
According to Nash in the 1930 study, Brantas Delta soil that is unstable because underneath it is still moving, seven-line connection end of the anticline as Kendeng Mountains that leads to the Madura Strait. For example, once an increase in the soil around the connection (the estuary) with Kali Kali Brantas Mas; riverbed shifted to the left so that water flows to the west. After filling ledokan Kedunglidah called (to the west of Surabaya now), then flows to the sea and empties near Gresik. According to historical records, Kedunglidah is still there in 1838.
Denys Lombard, a French historian who wrote three thick volumes of history books Java in 1990 "Le Carrefour Javanais - Essay d'Histoire Globale" (already translated by Scholastic in 1996 and printed three published March 2005) wrote of "Inscription Kelagyan" age grants bercandra sengkala Caka 959 (1037 M). Kelagyan is the name of the village is now in northern Kelagen Porong River.Inscription Kelagyan mmenceritakan that one day the original Brantas river flows north suddenly flowed into the east country severed ties with the sea Jenggala, destroying crops and flooded rumah2 population. Erlangga act by building large dams in K. Pitu and forcing back the river flows north. Perhaps, this is called the disaster "Banyu Move" in the book Pararaton. Disasters such as this seems to happen berulang2, the same disaster recorded in the book occurred again in 1256 Pararaton Caka (1334 M) at the time of Majapahit.
Since the days of Empire Medang century-9 and 10, formed of two Delta Brantas River (Kali Mas and Porong River) processed properly, Brantas estuary port used for trade (Port Hujung Galuh).Capital of the kingdom was established and named Kahuripan located near the village of Reinforcement, Porong River north, the west Tanggulangin, in Sidoarjo regency now (about 10 miles to the north north-west of the location of bursts LUSI now). After the kingdom split into two grants in the 11th century, namely Panjalu (Karachi) and Jenggala (Kahuripan), and then annexed Kediri Kahuripan back, the port of the Brantas drawn into the interior in Canggu, near Mojokerto now. Then, Kediri Singhasari replaced, and finally the Kingdom of Majapahit in 1293 AD, the center of the kingdom return to near the sea in the Brantas Delta, so that the kingdom of Majapahit became a maritime control.
Daldjoeni (1984) writes that from the resignation of Majapahit in the late 1300's probably not just because after the death of grand vizier Gajah Mada (1364 M) or King Hayam Wuruk (1389 M), but can also be connected with the decline of the Brantas delta function, which is preceded by a series of disasters geomorphological that in the history books never written. However, as a natural phenomenon, the book notes Pararaton interesting things to note. Book by Prof. Pararaton. Slamet Muljana written in the year 1613 AD Book chronicles tell Pararaton Singhasari since Ken Arok until the expiration of the Majapahit Kingdom. Pararaton is an important historical source of Majapahit in addition to a bouquet of State Krtagama Prapanca MPU (MPU Prapanca contemporary of Gajah Mada).
In connection with the decline of Majapahit, the book notes Pararaton (Brandes, 1896: "Pararaton" appeared again in 1920 after edited by NJ Krom):
• Disaster Pararaton in the book called "Banyu MOVE" (occurring in 1256 or 1334 Caka M).
• Disaster Pararaton in the book called "PAGUNUNG Friday" (occurring in 1296 or 1374 Caka M)
Literally, Banyu Air Move = Move, Pagunung Anyar = New Mount.
Subsequent research (Nash, 1932) have found evidence that there has been the nucleus of a variety of ground deformation is Tunggorono hills in the southern town of Jombang now, then spread to the northeast to Jombatan and mountain. Finally, the deformation movement of the location of the port of Canggu in Mojokerto now, and increasingly to the east to Ward (about 25 miles to the west of the location of bursts LUSI now). Near Ward there is a village whose name MOUNTAIN Wednesday. So also at the base of the disaster in south Jombang there is a name that is similar to the village which was originally named Denanyar REDIANYAR new meaning mountain.
Note that the name MOUNT Tuesday also used as the name of a region near Surabaya is now a well-known in connection with the case because it bursts LUSI MOUNTAIN Wednesday is a mud volcano that forms the LUSI straightness.
Well, if a natural disaster that set back the golden era of the Majapahit Pararaton book called disaster "Pagunung Anyar" is an eruption disasters gununglumpur path from the south-Mojokerto Jombang-ward? Along the lines that form about 25 km distance.When it erupted all gununglumpur sedahsyat like bursts LUSI now, you can imagine how the disruption of life in the late tahun1300 Majapahit's and early 1400's. Fatal attack may occur because of damage to the port of Canggu near Mojokerto, so the maritime kingdom of Majapahit which is to be isolated and economically backward. Time, Canggu in Mojokerto still be navigable from the sea around Surabaya now.
Geologically, the Gaza-Mojokerto Jombang-Ward is still in the Gaza Kendeng, inline with the location of bursts LUSI, still in the region unstable and depressed bersedimentasi (elisional), which according to Nash (1932) below from south to north there was a row anticline Jombang , Nunung-Ngoro anticline, and Ngelom-Watudakon anticline that continues to move that led to unstable Brantas Delta. Activity in the eastern part Kendeng deformation in detail described by Duyfjes (1936) who mapped the map sheet 109 (Lamongan), 110 (Mojokerto), 115 (Surabaya), and 116 (Sidoarjo) on a scale of 1: 100,000. Some image 2 of his book was published in van Bemmelen (1949) who also said that the structural deformation in the eastern Kendeng occurs through gravitational tectogenesis because geosinklin Kendeng east-Madura Strait is still declining. Such conditions would facilitate elisional piercement structures such as mud volcano eruption. Of geosinklin be antiklinorium clearly involve a elisional system.
After the death of Hayam Wuruk, the kings of Majapahit less capable to lead the country, many civil wars, such as Paregreg, which weakens the country until the end of Majapahit in 1527 AD destroyed when attacked first Islamic kingdom in Java: Demak.Succession does not go well, one-man show dominated the government during the Gajah Mada and Hayam Wuruk, no regeneration to a successor. After the death of a partner-Hayam Wuruk Gajah Mada, weakened state. However, the unwritten catatan2 in history books, except Pararaton its geological-geomorphological conditions Brantas Delta indicates that natural disasters erupt bursts ala gununglumpur LUSI also be reckoned as a cause of decline of Majapahit.
Folklore or fairy tale East of Java "Cucumber Mas" (as once posted Pak Dwi-PetroChina and we discussed last year in conjunction with bursts LUSI) dating from about the time of the Brantas Delta Kahuripan in the 11th century (James Danandjaja, 1984: "folklore Indonesia"). Always accompanied by the emergence of a giant earthquake, salt is thrown into a sea cucumber that Mas and Mas Cucumber paste is thrown into the hot mud that eventually sank the giant, vaguely describe the condition when a mud volcano how LUSI style erupt. We see it now, hot mud and puddles like the sea with salt water menengelamkan desa2 Sidoarjo that was once the territory Kahuripan. Is the fairy tale that actually describes the Cucumber Mas had any cases like LUSI ever happen?Walahualam, but buku2 tracing the history, geology, and folklore Cucumber Mas taste allows it.
Is disaster LUSI will now postpone or even East Java Indonesia?About 500-600 years ago may be the same thing has happened to the Majapahit! Five hundred years later, should we now not so easy to break, hit by the disaster is not it?
Inscription above only shows that in this area had once occurred naturally, also memebrikan lesson that MV is the natural processes that have occurred since the first in this area. The region of East Java, especially around Porong very POTENTIAL to happen or the emergence of Mud volcano.
Same thing with the Jakarta area which is formed by flood deposits.Naturally the place is Jakarta floods. But it is not to say because we've so often floods accept it, instead.
Similarly, the MV in Porong. If you do something eventually can also "trigger and stimulate" the formation of MV. Consider the tick-ticking LUSI birth.
The title above is meant to be translated according to the Book Pararaton Brandes (1896), that by the year 1296 or 1374 AD Caka there has been a disaster named "Pagunung Anyar" who backed the Majapahit empire's largest archipelago. Is disaster Pagunung Anyar? I interpret it, it is the style of eruption bursts gununglumpur LUSI (!)
Below is my catatan2 buku2 after studying the history, geology, and folklore are more than 100 years later publication. Starting from Daldjoeni (1984, 1992) "Geography of historicity", then continued forward and backward toward Purwadi (2001) "Babad Tanah Jawi: Tracing Traces of Conflict", Slamet Muljana (1968, 2005) "The collapse of the Hindu-Javanese kingdom and the emergence ofIslamic Countries in the archipelago ", Slamet Muljana (1965, 2005)" Glory to the Top (History of the Kingdom of Majapahit) ", Denys Lombard (1990)" Le Carrefour Javanais ", James Nash (1932)," Enige voorlopige opmerkingen omtrent de hydrogeologieder Brantas vlakte - Handelingen van 6de Ned. Indische Natuur Wetenschappelijke Congres ", HJ de Graaf (1949) "de Geschiedenis van Indonesie", J. Brandes (1896) "Pararaton (Ken Arok) of boek het van der Koningen Tumapel en van Majapahit", buku2 Duyfjes geological works (1936-1938) for the mapping of the eastern Kendeng ("Zur geologie stratigraphie und und des Kendenggebietes zwischen Trinil Soerabaja" and "bij Toelichting Blad 115.109, 110, 116), also a masterpiece van Bemmelen (1949, 1972)" The Geology of Indonesia ", and folklore books by James Danandjaja (1984)" folklore Indonesia: Science gossip, tales, and lain2 "
Mean heart want to trace the history of chronic tulisan2 events in southern Kuwu Bleduk * Purwodadi in order to find analogies to chronic LUSI bursts, apparently searching buku2 above even took me to the idea that: besides the political reasons, Majapahit MAY have been backed by the deformation due to a series of Brantas Delta eruption gununglumpur Jombang-Mojokerto-ward in the area along 25 km. Let's see-meliknya scales.
We start from the panorama of a sacred mountain by the people and the kingdom since the MPU Sindok tokoh2, grants, and his followers: Mount STEPS. STEPS mountain, a mountain as high as 1659 meters north-Welirang Arjuno, is the mountain closest to the blast site LUSI. The mountain is located to the south of the River Porong and still to the south of Watukosek Escarpment, a fault escarpment Fault Watukosek deformation results are also deflect Porong River, through the mud volcano titik2 including LUSI, also through the mud gunung2 around Surabaya and Madura Bangkalan.
In the history of Hindu kerajaan2 in East Java, Mount STEPS is an important mountain (Daldjoeni, 1984; Lombard, 1990). Kerajaan2 ever in East Java, in addition to deep veins of the Brantas River, kerajaan2 that surrounds Mount STEPS, for example Kahuripan, Jenggala, Daha, Majapahit, and Tumapel (Singhasari). LUSI pool area was once the territory now Medang or Kahuripan of age Sindok and grants, are also included in the Majapahit. Every time there is chaos in the region kerajaan2, then Mount STEPS made the event a war strategy. Grants were at the time of evacuation from the year 1016 attack that killed Worawari Dharmawangsa in-law (Maha Pralaya), hiding in STEPS, looking north towards the valley of the Brantas Porong and figure out how to build a new empire.STEPS also be tempat2 to glorify royal figures. On the eastern slopes of this mountain there is the tomb grants Hemisphere, in Betra Sindok tomb and the tomb of the father in Jalatunda grants. In STEPS also there are hundreds of temples, which are currently not maintained. Makam2 sacred STEPS population is found at the beginning of the 20th century after beratus2 years buried, when they burn the reeds that covered it for the purposes of making fertilizer.
From Mountain to the valley and delta Penanggungan Brantas picturesque scenery and fertile land, so many kingdoms established on the plains Brantas. According to Nash (1932) - "hydrogeologie der Brantas vlakte", Brantas Delta formed many centuries, and an important role in the political arena empires that ever existed in East Java. Progress and setbacks kerajaan2 seems heavily influenced by everything that happens in the Brantas Delta.
According to Nash in the 1930 study, Brantas Delta soil that is unstable because underneath it is still moving, seven-line connection end of the anticline as Kendeng Mountains that leads to the Madura Strait. For example, once an increase in the soil around the connection (the estuary) with Kali Kali Brantas Mas; riverbed shifted to the left so that water flows to the west. After filling ledokan Kedunglidah called (to the west of Surabaya now), then flows to the sea and empties near Gresik. According to historical records, Kedunglidah is still there in 1838.
Denys Lombard, a French historian who wrote three thick volumes of history books Java in 1990 "Le Carrefour Javanais - Essay d'Histoire Globale" (already translated by Scholastic in 1996 and printed three published March 2005) wrote of "Inscription Kelagyan" age grants bercandra sengkala Caka 959 (1037 M). Kelagyan is the name of the village is now in northern Kelagen Porong River.Inscription Kelagyan mmenceritakan that one day the original Brantas river flows north suddenly flowed into the east country severed ties with the sea Jenggala, destroying crops and flooded rumah2 population. Erlangga act by building large dams in K. Pitu and forcing back the river flows north. Perhaps, this is called the disaster "Banyu Move" in the book Pararaton. Disasters such as this seems to happen berulang2, the same disaster recorded in the book occurred again in 1256 Pararaton Caka (1334 M) at the time of Majapahit.
Since the days of Empire Medang century-9 and 10, formed of two Delta Brantas River (Kali Mas and Porong River) processed properly, Brantas estuary port used for trade (Port Hujung Galuh).Capital of the kingdom was established and named Kahuripan located near the village of Reinforcement, Porong River north, the west Tanggulangin, in Sidoarjo regency now (about 10 miles to the north north-west of the location of bursts LUSI now). After the kingdom split into two grants in the 11th century, namely Panjalu (Karachi) and Jenggala (Kahuripan), and then annexed Kediri Kahuripan back, the port of the Brantas drawn into the interior in Canggu, near Mojokerto now. Then, Kediri Singhasari replaced, and finally the Kingdom of Majapahit in 1293 AD, the center of the kingdom return to near the sea in the Brantas Delta, so that the kingdom of Majapahit became a maritime control.
Daldjoeni (1984) writes that from the resignation of Majapahit in the late 1300's probably not just because after the death of grand vizier Gajah Mada (1364 M) or King Hayam Wuruk (1389 M), but can also be connected with the decline of the Brantas delta function, which is preceded by a series of disasters geomorphological that in the history books never written. However, as a natural phenomenon, the book notes Pararaton interesting things to note. Book by Prof. Pararaton. Slamet Muljana written in the year 1613 AD Book chronicles tell Pararaton Singhasari since Ken Arok until the expiration of the Majapahit Kingdom. Pararaton is an important historical source of Majapahit in addition to a bouquet of State Krtagama Prapanca MPU (MPU Prapanca contemporary of Gajah Mada).
In connection with the decline of Majapahit, the book notes Pararaton (Brandes, 1896: "Pararaton" appeared again in 1920 after edited by NJ Krom):
• Disaster Pararaton in the book called "Banyu MOVE" (occurring in 1256 or 1334 Caka M).
• Disaster Pararaton in the book called "PAGUNUNG Friday" (occurring in 1296 or 1374 Caka M)
Literally, Banyu Air Move = Move, Pagunung Anyar = New Mount.
Subsequent research (Nash, 1932) have found evidence that there has been the nucleus of a variety of ground deformation is Tunggorono hills in the southern town of Jombang now, then spread to the northeast to Jombatan and mountain. Finally, the deformation movement of the location of the port of Canggu in Mojokerto now, and increasingly to the east to Ward (about 25 miles to the west of the location of bursts LUSI now). Near Ward there is a village whose name MOUNTAIN Wednesday. So also at the base of the disaster in south Jombang there is a name that is similar to the village which was originally named Denanyar REDIANYAR new meaning mountain.
Note that the name MOUNT Tuesday also used as the name of a region near Surabaya is now a well-known in connection with the case because it bursts LUSI MOUNTAIN Wednesday is a mud volcano that forms the LUSI straightness.
Well, if a natural disaster that set back the golden era of the Majapahit Pararaton book called disaster "Pagunung Anyar" is an eruption disasters gununglumpur path from the south-Mojokerto Jombang-ward? Along the lines that form about 25 km distance.When it erupted all gununglumpur sedahsyat like bursts LUSI now, you can imagine how the disruption of life in the late tahun1300 Majapahit's and early 1400's. Fatal attack may occur because of damage to the port of Canggu near Mojokerto, so the maritime kingdom of Majapahit which is to be isolated and economically backward. Time, Canggu in Mojokerto still be navigable from the sea around Surabaya now.
Geologically, the Gaza-Mojokerto Jombang-Ward is still in the Gaza Kendeng, inline with the location of bursts LUSI, still in the region unstable and depressed bersedimentasi (elisional), which according to Nash (1932) below from south to north there was a row anticline Jombang , Nunung-Ngoro anticline, and Ngelom-Watudakon anticline that continues to move that led to unstable Brantas Delta. Activity in the eastern part Kendeng deformation in detail described by Duyfjes (1936) who mapped the map sheet 109 (Lamongan), 110 (Mojokerto), 115 (Surabaya), and 116 (Sidoarjo) on a scale of 1: 100,000. Some image 2 of his book was published in van Bemmelen (1949) who also said that the structural deformation in the eastern Kendeng occurs through gravitational tectogenesis because geosinklin Kendeng east-Madura Strait is still declining. Such conditions would facilitate elisional piercement structures such as mud volcano eruption. Of geosinklin be antiklinorium clearly involve a elisional system.
After the death of Hayam Wuruk, the kings of Majapahit less capable to lead the country, many civil wars, such as Paregreg, which weakens the country until the end of Majapahit in 1527 AD destroyed when attacked first Islamic kingdom in Java: Demak.Succession does not go well, one-man show dominated the government during the Gajah Mada and Hayam Wuruk, no regeneration to a successor. After the death of a partner-Hayam Wuruk Gajah Mada, weakened state. However, the unwritten catatan2 in history books, except Pararaton its geological-geomorphological conditions Brantas Delta indicates that natural disasters erupt bursts ala gununglumpur LUSI also be reckoned as a cause of decline of Majapahit.
Folklore or fairy tale East of Java "Cucumber Mas" (as once posted Pak Dwi-PetroChina and we discussed last year in conjunction with bursts LUSI) dating from about the time of the Brantas Delta Kahuripan in the 11th century (James Danandjaja, 1984: "folklore Indonesia"). Always accompanied by the emergence of a giant earthquake, salt is thrown into a sea cucumber that Mas and Mas Cucumber paste is thrown into the hot mud that eventually sank the giant, vaguely describe the condition when a mud volcano how LUSI style erupt. We see it now, hot mud and puddles like the sea with salt water menengelamkan desa2 Sidoarjo that was once the territory Kahuripan. Is the fairy tale that actually describes the Cucumber Mas had any cases like LUSI ever happen?Walahualam, but buku2 tracing the history, geology, and folklore Cucumber Mas taste allows it.
Is disaster LUSI will now postpone or even East Java Indonesia?About 500-600 years ago may be the same thing has happened to the Majapahit! Five hundred years later, should we now not so easy to break, hit by the disaster is not it?
Inscription above only shows that in this area had once occurred naturally, also memebrikan lesson that MV is the natural processes that have occurred since the first in this area. The region of East Java, especially around Porong very POTENTIAL to happen or the emergence of Mud volcano.
Same thing with the Jakarta area which is formed by flood deposits.Naturally the place is Jakarta floods. But it is not to say because we've so often floods accept it, instead.
Similarly, the MV in Porong. If you do something eventually can also "trigger and stimulate" the formation of MV. Consider the tick-ticking LUSI birth.
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