(Hanzi: 明朝, Hanyu Pinyin: ming chao) (1368-1644) was one of the two dynasties dynasty founded olehpemberontakan farmers throughout Chinese history. This dynasty was the last Han dynasty ruled after the Song Dynasty. In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang drove the Mongols back to the north and destroy their dynasty founded Yuanyang. She founded the Ming dynasty (大 明 国; Da Ming Guo), with its capital in Yingtian (now Nanjing) before her son, Zhu Di, who became the third emperor moved the capital to Shuntian (now Beijing). Yingtian later renamed Nanjing (southern capital).
Early Ming Dynasty marked by periods of calm and prosperity under Emperor Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang. Emperor Hongwu to reform the system of government and bureaucracy by establishing a new bureaucracy organ that offset each other to prevent the emergence of a government agency that has authority, is too large. He also put through economic development, to stop any military expedition to give people the time and tranquility to perform their responsibilities in their respective fields. This policy work is characterized by an increasing number of population up to 10.65 million households or 65 million inhabitants in 1393.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, a rebellion rife throughout the country and at its peak, Beijing fell to the rebels led by Li Zicheng. This defeat led to Chongzhen drape himself in the hill behind the Forbidden City. Li Wu Sangui disputing with his family in Beijing led to arrest Wu decided to surrender to the Manchus who later conquered Li Zicheng and occupied Beijing in 1644.
After Beijing ruled by the Manchu, they then established the Qing Dynasty that marked the collapse of the Ming Dynasty. The remnants of forces loyal to the Ming Dynasty and then fled to southern China and the continued resistance separately. In history, this force is known as the Southern Sun. Southern Sun and successfully destroyed by the Emperor Kangxi in 1683.
Table of contents
· 1 Chronology of history
o 1.1 Initial standing
§ 1.1.1 In late Yuan Dynasty
§ 1.1.2 peasant uprising
§ 1.1.3 The establishment of the Ming Dynasty
o 1.2 The initial heyday (1368-1436)
§ 1.2.1 Government Hongwu
§ 1.2.2 The incident Jingnan
§ 1.2.3 Yongle Era glory
§ 1.2.4 Government Renxuan
o 1.3 The era of the mid-(1436-1573)
§ 1.3.1 Mongol Invasion
§ 1.3.2 Restoration of the Emperor Zhengtong
· 2 Areas
2.1 The division of administration
· 3 Structure of Government
· 4 Military
· 5 Social Culture and Religion
· 6 Foreign Relations
· Famous Figures 7
· 8 See also
· 9 References
Early Ming Dynasty marked by periods of calm and prosperity under Emperor Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang. Emperor Hongwu to reform the system of government and bureaucracy by establishing a new bureaucracy organ that offset each other to prevent the emergence of a government agency that has authority, is too large. He also put through economic development, to stop any military expedition to give people the time and tranquility to perform their responsibilities in their respective fields. This policy work is characterized by an increasing number of population up to 10.65 million households or 65 million inhabitants in 1393.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, a rebellion rife throughout the country and at its peak, Beijing fell to the rebels led by Li Zicheng. This defeat led to Chongzhen drape himself in the hill behind the Forbidden City. Li Wu Sangui disputing with his family in Beijing led to arrest Wu decided to surrender to the Manchus who later conquered Li Zicheng and occupied Beijing in 1644.
After Beijing ruled by the Manchu, they then established the Qing Dynasty that marked the collapse of the Ming Dynasty. The remnants of forces loyal to the Ming Dynasty and then fled to southern China and the continued resistance separately. In history, this force is known as the Southern Sun. Southern Sun and successfully destroyed by the Emperor Kangxi in 1683.
Table of contents
· 1 Chronology of history
o 1.1 Initial standing
§ 1.1.1 In late Yuan Dynasty
§ 1.1.2 peasant uprising
§ 1.1.3 The establishment of the Ming Dynasty
o 1.2 The initial heyday (1368-1436)
§ 1.2.1 Government Hongwu
§ 1.2.2 The incident Jingnan
§ 1.2.3 Yongle Era glory
§ 1.2.4 Government Renxuan
o 1.3 The era of the mid-(1436-1573)
§ 1.3.1 Mongol Invasion
§ 1.3.2 Restoration of the Emperor Zhengtong
· 2 Areas
2.1 The division of administration
· 3 Structure of Government
· 4 Military
· 5 Social Culture and Religion
· 6 Foreign Relations
· Famous Figures 7
· 8 See also
· 9 References
Chronology of history
Initial stand
End of the Yuan Dynasty
Yuan dynasty is the dynasty founded by the Mongols are considered as foreigners by the Han people.
Discrimination against ethnic Han empire is very obvious that the majority of the caste division based on ethnicity. Han is allocated in the two lowest caste of the era.
End of the Yuan Dynasty also marked by government corruption, high taxes and inflation. This is exacerbated by the behavior of the Mongol nobility arbitrary. Empire and then change the currency that has been circulating since the time of Kublai Khan in the new currency. The new currency is then printed in large numbers so menyebabkanhiperinflasi. The economy collapsed and famine spread everywhere.
Year 1351, the Yellow River overflowed causing major flooding.These disasters exacerbate economic conditions which have been very chaotic. Empire then ordered all the hundreds of thousands of farmers and soldiers to improve bendunganSungau Yellow. Forced labor is causing popular discontent reached its peak.
Peasant uprising
Hyperinflation and combat forced labor discontent over the Yellow River flood causes a mass peasant revolt. This rebellion is known as the Red Turban Rebellion that erupted in May 1351.
The following year, Guo Zixing led the revolt and managed to control the Haozhou (now Fengyang County, Anhui). At this time, Zhu Yuanzhang and meritorious participated in several battles. Services and attract the attention of Guo Zhu who finally married his adopted daughter to Zhu. Afterward, Zhu then leave Haozhou and strengthen yourself. Year 1356, with his own strength, she managed to subdue Jiqing (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) and change its name to Yingtian.Yingtian is what later became the capital of the newly established after the Ming Dynasty.
Founding of the Ming Dynasty
Zhu Yuanzhang then decided based on Yingtian to centralize power in order to unite the Chinese mainland. At first, the situation in the region Yingtian Zhu is not a strategy for gathering strength in a short time. Then he received the advice of Zhu Sheng to strengthen the defense and focus on improving logistics and not be too hasty to lift himself to be king.
This policy led to Zhu to strengthen itself in no time. He then attacked other insurgent forces, Chen Youliangpada year 1360. He then managed to beat back the troops to Jiangzhou Chen, Yingtian east coast region. Within three years, succeeded in destroying the power of Chen Zhu.
Year 1367, Zhu Zhang Shicheng conquered, another rebel and master Pingjiang (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). In the same year, Zhu Guozhen Fang forces also destroyed at that time controlled the coastal areas of Zhejiang. After this success, Zhu Yuanzhang made himself as emperor in 1368, began the history of the Ming Dynasty over 300 years into the future. He fixed the year Hongwu reign, so he is also known as Emperor Hongwu.
Later that year, Emperor Hongwu an expedition to the north to unite China. Yuan Empire was already weakened which can not inhibit the Ming army at that time because of high moral victory after victory. The capital of Yuan, Dadu successfully controlled and the earth-scorching on the orders of Emperor Hongwu. Mongols then had expelled the Mongols returned to pasture.
After successfully destroying the Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Hongwu Sun Yuzhen subdue rebels in Sichuan in 1371. Ten years later, the collapse of the power of King Liang of the Yuan Dynasty in Yunnan confirmed unification of mainland China under the Ming Dynasty.
The initial heyday (1368-1436)
Hongwu reign
The main article for this section are: Hongwu Era
Having successfully established the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Hongwu implement policies to appease the people. Among the returning wheels of the economy, bureaucratic reform the Yuan Dynasty, and ease the tax burden of farmers and severely punish corrupt officials. This period is known as Hongwu reign in history.
Emperor Hongwu emperor is also full of suspicion against his ministers. He was afraid of imperial officials abusing their authority and power for its own sake that could ultimately threaten and endanger his power. In the meantime, he is often known as the emperor sentenced him to minister.
In the famous minister who was murdered, among others, Liau Yongzhong, Liangxiang Zhu, Li Wenzhong, Hu Weiyong, Lan Yu and Chen Ning.
In the end, almost all imperial officials who contributed to the founding of the Ming Tang He was sentenced to death except by Emperor Hongwu. After this, the Emperor Hongwu also established intelligence agencies which further reinforces the absolute power in his hands.
Jingnan incident
The main article for this section are: Incident Jingnan
Jingnan incident was a bloody coup because the struggle between the imperial throne and the King of Yan Emperor Jianwen, Zhu Di, who subsequently became Emperor Yongle. Emperor Jianwen, Zhu Yunwen is the eldest grandson of Zhu Yuanzhang. Zhu Yunwen himself was the son of Zhu Biao, Zhu eldest son who died young before he ascended the throne.
Year 1398, Emperor Hongwu died and was succeeded by Emperor Jianwen. Emperor Jianwen, on the advice of his ministers, Tai Qi cleansing his political opponents, each of which has its own power across the country. Political opponents of the king in question is actually still is his own uncle, son of the late Emperor Hongwu.
Five kings had descended from the throne and serving as a commoner. King Yan, Zhu Di was the fourth child of Emperor Hongwu, has the greatest power then staged a coup when he heard that his strength will be the next target cleanup by Emperor Jianwen.
Zhu On the offensive end to the capital of Nanjing in 1399 on the advice of his advisers Yao Guangxiao. Civil war broke out between the Emperor Zhu Di and Jianwen, but eventually won by Zhu Di in 1402. Emperor Jianwen missing and unaccounted for after the bloody incident.
Zhu Di ascended the throne with the title then Chengzu, set during the reign of the Yongle so it is also known as Emperor Yongle.
Initial stand
End of the Yuan Dynasty
Yuan dynasty is the dynasty founded by the Mongols are considered as foreigners by the Han people.
Discrimination against ethnic Han empire is very obvious that the majority of the caste division based on ethnicity. Han is allocated in the two lowest caste of the era.
End of the Yuan Dynasty also marked by government corruption, high taxes and inflation. This is exacerbated by the behavior of the Mongol nobility arbitrary. Empire and then change the currency that has been circulating since the time of Kublai Khan in the new currency. The new currency is then printed in large numbers so menyebabkanhiperinflasi. The economy collapsed and famine spread everywhere.
Year 1351, the Yellow River overflowed causing major flooding.These disasters exacerbate economic conditions which have been very chaotic. Empire then ordered all the hundreds of thousands of farmers and soldiers to improve bendunganSungau Yellow. Forced labor is causing popular discontent reached its peak.
Peasant uprising
Hyperinflation and combat forced labor discontent over the Yellow River flood causes a mass peasant revolt. This rebellion is known as the Red Turban Rebellion that erupted in May 1351.
The following year, Guo Zixing led the revolt and managed to control the Haozhou (now Fengyang County, Anhui). At this time, Zhu Yuanzhang and meritorious participated in several battles. Services and attract the attention of Guo Zhu who finally married his adopted daughter to Zhu. Afterward, Zhu then leave Haozhou and strengthen yourself. Year 1356, with his own strength, she managed to subdue Jiqing (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) and change its name to Yingtian.Yingtian is what later became the capital of the newly established after the Ming Dynasty.
Founding of the Ming Dynasty
Zhu Yuanzhang then decided based on Yingtian to centralize power in order to unite the Chinese mainland. At first, the situation in the region Yingtian Zhu is not a strategy for gathering strength in a short time. Then he received the advice of Zhu Sheng to strengthen the defense and focus on improving logistics and not be too hasty to lift himself to be king.
This policy led to Zhu to strengthen itself in no time. He then attacked other insurgent forces, Chen Youliangpada year 1360. He then managed to beat back the troops to Jiangzhou Chen, Yingtian east coast region. Within three years, succeeded in destroying the power of Chen Zhu.
Year 1367, Zhu Zhang Shicheng conquered, another rebel and master Pingjiang (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). In the same year, Zhu Guozhen Fang forces also destroyed at that time controlled the coastal areas of Zhejiang. After this success, Zhu Yuanzhang made himself as emperor in 1368, began the history of the Ming Dynasty over 300 years into the future. He fixed the year Hongwu reign, so he is also known as Emperor Hongwu.
Later that year, Emperor Hongwu an expedition to the north to unite China. Yuan Empire was already weakened which can not inhibit the Ming army at that time because of high moral victory after victory. The capital of Yuan, Dadu successfully controlled and the earth-scorching on the orders of Emperor Hongwu. Mongols then had expelled the Mongols returned to pasture.
After successfully destroying the Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Hongwu Sun Yuzhen subdue rebels in Sichuan in 1371. Ten years later, the collapse of the power of King Liang of the Yuan Dynasty in Yunnan confirmed unification of mainland China under the Ming Dynasty.
The initial heyday (1368-1436)
Hongwu reign
The main article for this section are: Hongwu Era
Having successfully established the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Hongwu implement policies to appease the people. Among the returning wheels of the economy, bureaucratic reform the Yuan Dynasty, and ease the tax burden of farmers and severely punish corrupt officials. This period is known as Hongwu reign in history.
Emperor Hongwu emperor is also full of suspicion against his ministers. He was afraid of imperial officials abusing their authority and power for its own sake that could ultimately threaten and endanger his power. In the meantime, he is often known as the emperor sentenced him to minister.
In the famous minister who was murdered, among others, Liau Yongzhong, Liangxiang Zhu, Li Wenzhong, Hu Weiyong, Lan Yu and Chen Ning.
In the end, almost all imperial officials who contributed to the founding of the Ming Tang He was sentenced to death except by Emperor Hongwu. After this, the Emperor Hongwu also established intelligence agencies which further reinforces the absolute power in his hands.
Jingnan incident
The main article for this section are: Incident Jingnan
Jingnan incident was a bloody coup because the struggle between the imperial throne and the King of Yan Emperor Jianwen, Zhu Di, who subsequently became Emperor Yongle. Emperor Jianwen, Zhu Yunwen is the eldest grandson of Zhu Yuanzhang. Zhu Yunwen himself was the son of Zhu Biao, Zhu eldest son who died young before he ascended the throne.
Year 1398, Emperor Hongwu died and was succeeded by Emperor Jianwen. Emperor Jianwen, on the advice of his ministers, Tai Qi cleansing his political opponents, each of which has its own power across the country. Political opponents of the king in question is actually still is his own uncle, son of the late Emperor Hongwu.
Five kings had descended from the throne and serving as a commoner. King Yan, Zhu Di was the fourth child of Emperor Hongwu, has the greatest power then staged a coup when he heard that his strength will be the next target cleanup by Emperor Jianwen.
Zhu On the offensive end to the capital of Nanjing in 1399 on the advice of his advisers Yao Guangxiao. Civil war broke out between the Emperor Zhu Di and Jianwen, but eventually won by Zhu Di in 1402. Emperor Jianwen missing and unaccounted for after the bloody incident.
Zhu Di ascended the throne with the title then Chengzu, set during the reign of the Yongle so it is also known as Emperor Yongle.
Yongle era of glory
The main article for this section are: the triumph of Yongle Era
In the reign of Emperor Yongle, Ming suffered early heyday. Military expeditions undertaken by Emperor Yongle to maintain this triumph.Annam (sekarangVietnam) successfully conquered and later became a protectorate Sun Emperor Yongle also led expeditions to the north to repel the Mongols of Central Asia in order to prevent threats from them.
In 1405, Emperor Yongle also ordered Zheng He to lead a maritime expedition to the southern ocean. Sailed the seven seas expedition to Madagascar.
In 1406, the imperial palace was built in Beiping (now Beijing) and using the Beiping as a basis for an expedition to Mongolia. Until the year 1422, the construction and development of the Beiping very rapidly and then decreed to the emperor Yongle moved the capital from Nanjing to Beiping. Beiping later renamed Beijing.
Yongle reign was marked by peace and progress across the country. In recorded history, this period is known as the era of the triumph of Yongle (永乐 胜 世). However, behind these heyday, Emperor Yongle emperor was not a loving. Punishment meted out to political opponents and the opposition has not diminished, marked by events of the imposition of the death penalty of ten relative to the Fang Xiaoru. This is the only event in the history of China that is usually only kill up to nine relatives.
Yongle Emperor died in 1424 and was succeeded by his son, Zhu Gaochi.
Government Renxuan
After the death of Emperor Yongle in 1424, his eldest son Zhu Gaochi succeed to the throne as emperor. Era of government changed to Hongxi. Unfortunately, he died the following year at the age of 48 years.
Although the era of his reign was very short, but the Emperor Hongxi do a lot of important decisions on whom to stop Zheng He maritime expeditions and military expeditions. It also promotes the production of the people for economic development, forgives many political prisoners, easing prison and make savings in many areas.
After Hongxi Emperor died, his son Zhu Zhanji continue the imperial throne and abandoned the policy of his father. He was enthroned as Emperor Xuande and famous for its skill in painting. Some of his paintings became famous in the history of Chinese painting.
In 1431, Emperor Xuande felt that the delivery of tribute from countries protectorate Sun shrinks. Therefore, he ordered Zheng He to prepare the seven maritime expeditions. The expedition was a last expedition for Zheng He because he later died at Guli, a coastal city in India.
Xuande reign marred by interference in the decision of the imperial eunuchs who banned since the reign of Emperor Hongwu. Emperor Xuande also dubbed as the emperor because he was very fond of cricket and competed keep crickets. This led to the ministers and eunuchs in the palace are racing to give gifts to the emperor crickets.
Although there are various shortcomings in the above, but at this time the people of Sun experience a relatively safe and secure. This era is known as a government Renxuan (仁 宣 之 治) taken from the title the reigning emperor, Renzong and Xuanzong.
Medieval (1436-1573)
The main article for this section are: the triumph of Yongle Era
In the reign of Emperor Yongle, Ming suffered early heyday. Military expeditions undertaken by Emperor Yongle to maintain this triumph.Annam (sekarangVietnam) successfully conquered and later became a protectorate Sun Emperor Yongle also led expeditions to the north to repel the Mongols of Central Asia in order to prevent threats from them.
In 1405, Emperor Yongle also ordered Zheng He to lead a maritime expedition to the southern ocean. Sailed the seven seas expedition to Madagascar.
In 1406, the imperial palace was built in Beiping (now Beijing) and using the Beiping as a basis for an expedition to Mongolia. Until the year 1422, the construction and development of the Beiping very rapidly and then decreed to the emperor Yongle moved the capital from Nanjing to Beiping. Beiping later renamed Beijing.
Yongle reign was marked by peace and progress across the country. In recorded history, this period is known as the era of the triumph of Yongle (永乐 胜 世). However, behind these heyday, Emperor Yongle emperor was not a loving. Punishment meted out to political opponents and the opposition has not diminished, marked by events of the imposition of the death penalty of ten relative to the Fang Xiaoru. This is the only event in the history of China that is usually only kill up to nine relatives.
Yongle Emperor died in 1424 and was succeeded by his son, Zhu Gaochi.
Government Renxuan
After the death of Emperor Yongle in 1424, his eldest son Zhu Gaochi succeed to the throne as emperor. Era of government changed to Hongxi. Unfortunately, he died the following year at the age of 48 years.
Although the era of his reign was very short, but the Emperor Hongxi do a lot of important decisions on whom to stop Zheng He maritime expeditions and military expeditions. It also promotes the production of the people for economic development, forgives many political prisoners, easing prison and make savings in many areas.
After Hongxi Emperor died, his son Zhu Zhanji continue the imperial throne and abandoned the policy of his father. He was enthroned as Emperor Xuande and famous for its skill in painting. Some of his paintings became famous in the history of Chinese painting.
In 1431, Emperor Xuande felt that the delivery of tribute from countries protectorate Sun shrinks. Therefore, he ordered Zheng He to prepare the seven maritime expeditions. The expedition was a last expedition for Zheng He because he later died at Guli, a coastal city in India.
Xuande reign marred by interference in the decision of the imperial eunuchs who banned since the reign of Emperor Hongwu. Emperor Xuande also dubbed as the emperor because he was very fond of cricket and competed keep crickets. This led to the ministers and eunuchs in the palace are racing to give gifts to the emperor crickets.
Although there are various shortcomings in the above, but at this time the people of Sun experience a relatively safe and secure. This era is known as a government Renxuan (仁 宣 之 治) taken from the title the reigning emperor, Renzong and Xuanzong.
Medieval (1436-1573)
Mongol invasion
In 1435, Zhu Qizhen ascended the throne with the title of the year Zhengtong Yingzong and era. Zhengtong Emperor was the only emperor of the Ming Dynasty era ruled by two governments, and Tianshun Zhengtong after the restoration of the imperial throne.
Zhengtong reign marked by abuses of power by the famous eunuch Wang Zhen. Wang is a master of the empire which was then castrated to become eunuchs in the palace. Wang blatantly violating the rules of Emperor Hongwu that eunuchs are not allowed to interfere in affairs of state. During the period of seven years with a background as a favorite eunuch of the emperor, his demeanor is increasingly rampant corruption.
Along with this, the power of Oirat tribes in Central Asia increased.In 1449, Esen Khan of Oirat invaded Beijing. Wang Zhen then forced the Emperor to lead directly Zhengtong 500,000 troops out of Beijing to withstand the Mongol attack. Because these forces are not trained and low morals can lead to front-line troops were defeated by the Mongols.
Heard of this defeat, Wang Zhen and afraid to continue the battle against the Mongols, and ordered all troops to withdraw. Hometown would not worry after the bypassed forces devastated Ming, he took the road route, causing further Oirat army troops caught up with Sun when she reached the Castle Tumu.
In the battle at the castle Tumu, the Emperor Zhengtong successfully captured by Esen Khan, while Wang was killed in battle. In some unofficial historical records, it is said that Wang died because generals were killed by Fan Zhong, imperial guards who are not satisfied with the actions of Wang. But the truth of these events are not recognized by the official history of the empire. This event is known as the Tumu incident in the historical record.
After the news that this incident up to Beijing, the ministers concerned for their safety when Beijing fell to the Oirat proposes to move the capital to Nanjing and gave Beijing. But this proposal was rejected by one minister, Yu Qian who then suggested that the younger brother of Emperor Zhengtong, Zhu Qiyu to continue the imperial throne for the continuation of the dynasty. Zhu then ascended the throne with the title and the administration of Jingtai Daizong.
Esen Khan to Beijing but failed to master the Beijing because of a relatively strong defense because the defense strategy of Yu Qian.Yu Qian Sun and then led the troops out of Beijing and repelling forces Oirat. Esen Khan then retreated with his troops to bring the Emperor Zhengtong as prisoners.
Yu Qian ignored the offer peace of Esen Khan as a ransom for the Emperor Zhengtong, but develop a more robust defense strategy and then drove Oirat forces further north. Esen Khan Emperor Zhengtong properly treat and then release it after feeling that there is no point in charming the emperor in 1450.
In 1435, Zhu Qizhen ascended the throne with the title of the year Zhengtong Yingzong and era. Zhengtong Emperor was the only emperor of the Ming Dynasty era ruled by two governments, and Tianshun Zhengtong after the restoration of the imperial throne.
Zhengtong reign marked by abuses of power by the famous eunuch Wang Zhen. Wang is a master of the empire which was then castrated to become eunuchs in the palace. Wang blatantly violating the rules of Emperor Hongwu that eunuchs are not allowed to interfere in affairs of state. During the period of seven years with a background as a favorite eunuch of the emperor, his demeanor is increasingly rampant corruption.
Along with this, the power of Oirat tribes in Central Asia increased.In 1449, Esen Khan of Oirat invaded Beijing. Wang Zhen then forced the Emperor to lead directly Zhengtong 500,000 troops out of Beijing to withstand the Mongol attack. Because these forces are not trained and low morals can lead to front-line troops were defeated by the Mongols.
Heard of this defeat, Wang Zhen and afraid to continue the battle against the Mongols, and ordered all troops to withdraw. Hometown would not worry after the bypassed forces devastated Ming, he took the road route, causing further Oirat army troops caught up with Sun when she reached the Castle Tumu.
In the battle at the castle Tumu, the Emperor Zhengtong successfully captured by Esen Khan, while Wang was killed in battle. In some unofficial historical records, it is said that Wang died because generals were killed by Fan Zhong, imperial guards who are not satisfied with the actions of Wang. But the truth of these events are not recognized by the official history of the empire. This event is known as the Tumu incident in the historical record.
After the news that this incident up to Beijing, the ministers concerned for their safety when Beijing fell to the Oirat proposes to move the capital to Nanjing and gave Beijing. But this proposal was rejected by one minister, Yu Qian who then suggested that the younger brother of Emperor Zhengtong, Zhu Qiyu to continue the imperial throne for the continuation of the dynasty. Zhu then ascended the throne with the title and the administration of Jingtai Daizong.
Esen Khan to Beijing but failed to master the Beijing because of a relatively strong defense because the defense strategy of Yu Qian.Yu Qian Sun and then led the troops out of Beijing and repelling forces Oirat. Esen Khan then retreated with his troops to bring the Emperor Zhengtong as prisoners.
Yu Qian ignored the offer peace of Esen Khan as a ransom for the Emperor Zhengtong, but develop a more robust defense strategy and then drove Oirat forces further north. Esen Khan Emperor Zhengtong properly treat and then release it after feeling that there is no point in charming the emperor in 1450.
Restoration of the Emperor Zhengtong
Zhengtong Emperor released by Esen Khan then returned toBeijing. Unfortunately, his return is not welcomed by the EmperorJingtai, replacing his brother who reigned during his captivity.
Although the suggestion of the ministers, the Emperor Jingtai givethe title of Supreme Emperor, but he did not come out to welcomethe Emperor Zhengtong at the gates of the city, even knocking himunder house arrest in South Palace. Furthermore, Zhu Jianshenformerly the crown repealed and replaced by his title of EmperorJingtai, Zhu Jianji who soon died of illness.
After the death of Zhu Jianji, Jingtai Emperor who had no other sonalso did not return Zhu Jianshen position as crown prince. In 1457,Emperor Jingtai ill and several ministers plotting a coup to restoreYingzong as emperor. This coup led to some ministers who are loyal to Jingtai dijatuh death penalty, including Yu Qian.
Emperor Jingtai then lowered his position as king, and died a month later. In contrast, Yingzong enthroned as the emperorreturned to the era of Tianshun.
Zhengtong Emperor released by Esen Khan then returned toBeijing. Unfortunately, his return is not welcomed by the EmperorJingtai, replacing his brother who reigned during his captivity.
Although the suggestion of the ministers, the Emperor Jingtai givethe title of Supreme Emperor, but he did not come out to welcomethe Emperor Zhengtong at the gates of the city, even knocking himunder house arrest in South Palace. Furthermore, Zhu Jianshenformerly the crown repealed and replaced by his title of EmperorJingtai, Zhu Jianji who soon died of illness.
After the death of Zhu Jianji, Jingtai Emperor who had no other sonalso did not return Zhu Jianshen position as crown prince. In 1457,Emperor Jingtai ill and several ministers plotting a coup to restoreYingzong as emperor. This coup led to some ministers who are loyal to Jingtai dijatuh death penalty, including Yu Qian.
Emperor Jingtai then lowered his position as king, and died a month later. In contrast, Yingzong enthroned as the emperorreturned to the era of Tianshun.
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